casting Machining process  is a term used to describe a variety of material removal processes in which a cutting tool removes unwanted material from a workpiece to produce the desired shape. The workpiece is typically cut from a larger piece of stock, which is available in a variety of standard shapes, such as flat sheets, solid bars, hollow tubes, and shaped beams. Machining can also be performed on an existing part, such as a casting or forging,or sand castings,or die castings,ect. Parts that are machined from a pre-shaped workpiece are typically cubic or cylindrical in their overall shape, but their individual features may be quite complex. Machining can be used to create a variety of features including holes, slots, pockets, flat surfaces, and even complex surface contours. Also, while machined parts are typically metal, almost all materials can be machined, including metals, plastics, composites, and wood. For these reasons, machining is often considered the most common and versatile of all manufacturing processes. Material removal processes • Mechanical • Single-point cutting • Turning • Planing and shaping • Multi-point cutting • Milling • Drilling • Broaching • Sawing • Abrasive machining • Grinding • Honing • Lapping • Ultrasonic machining • Abrasive jet machining • Chemical • Chemical machining • Electrochemical machining (ECM) • Thermal • Torch cutting • Electrical discharge machining (EDM) • High energy beam machining